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(+)-Shikonin

SKU: orb1222128

Description

Shikonin is a natural product from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon and a specific inhibitor of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2). Shikonin also suppresses the ATF2 pathway in skin carcinogenesis.

Images & Validation

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(+)-Shikonin

Key Properties

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CAS Number517-89-5
MW288.3
Purity>98% (HPLC)
FormulaC16H16O5
SMILESCC(C)=CCC(O)C1=CC(=O)c2c(O)ccc(O)c2C1=O
TargetTMEM16A chloride channel|PKM2|NF-κB|TNF-α
SolubilityDMSO : ≥ 31 mg/mL; 107.53 mM

Bioactivity

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In Vivo
Shikonin significantly inhibits the increase in IL-1β and TNF-α expression levels in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compared with those in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The NF-κB protein expression level is significantly suppressed by Shikonin in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compared with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The induction of the iNOS level is suppressed by treatment with Shikonin in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compared with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The administration of Shikonin markedly weakens the up-regulation of COX-2 protein expression in the rat model of osteoarthritis, as compared with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The elevation of caspase-3 activity is significantly reduced by Shikonin treatment in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compared with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The downregulation of Akt phosphorylation is also significantly recovered by treatment with Shikonin in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compared with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01).
In Vitro
Shikonin is an inhibitor of TMEM16A chloride channel with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. Shikonin is also a specific inhibitor of PKM2 and can also inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prevent activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Shikonin at concentrations higher than 50 μM significantly inhibits ormal human keratinocytes (NHKs) viability, compare with that of control (P<0.05). Pretreatment with Shikonin for 2 h attenuates TNF-α-induced NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. Treatments of Shikonin at 5 and 7.5 μM significantly inhibit the cell viability starting from 12 h and the inhibitory effects are presented in time-dependent patterns compare with the 0 h group in both cell lines. It is found that 5 μM Shikonin displays greater inhibition compare to 2.5 μM at the time points from 24 to 48 h. The invasiveness of U87 and U251 cells is significantly attenuated when treated with Shikonin at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μM compare with the control group at 24 and 48 h (p<0.01).

Storage & Handling

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StorageStorage temperature: -20°C. Stability: ≥ 2 years
Expiration Date12 months from date of receipt.
DisclaimerFor research use only

Alternative Names

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Shikonin | Tokyo Violet

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Quick Database Links

Gene Symbol
TMEM16A chloride channel|PKM2|NF-κB|TNF-α

Protocol Information

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